孪抒抹堂帘侍勾烦鹤屑缎垫帆
ARGUMENTS AND FALLACIES 2024智慧树满分答案
第一章 单元测试
1、判断题：
You can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is used.
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
2、判断题：
All arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
3、判断题：
To persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
4、判断题：
An explanation answers a question about why something happened.
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
5、判断题：
Language is completely arbitrary.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
6、判断题：
The goal of an argument is to beat an opponent.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
7、判断题：
“Water is H2O, and salt is NaCl” is an argument.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
8、判断题：
An argument can succeed in justifying its conclusion even if its audience rejects the argument’s premises.
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
9、判断题：
When an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion.
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
10、判断题：
A justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion.
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
11、判断题：
Every argument has more than one premise.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
12、判断题：
The goal of an argument is to abuse the audience.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
13、判断题：
To justify a conclusion, you need to persuade someone.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
14、判断题：
“33 + 66 = 99” is an argument.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
15、判断题：
All arguments are used either to justify or to explain their conclusions.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
16、判断题：
Every conclusion contradicts what the audience believes.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
17、判断题：
An argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enough.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
18、判断题：
When an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a reason to believe that its conclusion is true.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
第二章 单元测试
1、判断题：
The word “since” is always a premise marker.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
2、判断题：
If a word in a sentence can be replaced by a conclusion marker without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence, then the word is used as a conclusion marker in that sentence.
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
3、判断题：
Negative evaluative utterances say that something violates a standard.
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
4、判断题：
An assuring term is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
5、判断题：
The word “too” in “too small” introduces an evaluation.
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
6、判断题：
“If … then …” is an argument marker.
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
7、单选题：
A(n) ___term is used to indicate that the speaker has some reasons for what he says without actually specifying what those reasons are.
A:
G = guarding term
B:
A = assuring term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
答案:
A = assuring term
8、单选题：
A(n) ___ term is used to indicate a response to a possible objection.
A:
A = assuring term
B:
G = guarding term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
答案:
D = discounting term
9、单选题：
A(n) ___ term is used to weaken a claim in order to make it easier to defend against possible criticisms.
A:
A = assuring term
B:
G = guarding term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
答案:
G = guarding term
10、单选题：
A(n) ___ term can be either positive or negative.
A:
A = assuring term
B:
G = guarding term
C:
D = discounting term
D:
E = evaluative term
答案:
E = evaluative term
11、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
答案:
D = a discounting term
12、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
答案:
G = a guarding term
13、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould—“The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
答案:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
14、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
答案:
A = an assuring term
15、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N= none of the above
答案:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
16、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould—“The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
答案:
C = a conclusion marker
17、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould—“The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
答案:
G = a guarding term
18、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould—“The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
答案:
N = none of the above
19、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
答案:
D = a discounting term
20、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould—“The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
答案:
E- = a negative evaluative term
21、单选题：
Please indicate the main function of the word that is in boldface in the following passage. More than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as the best.
From Steven Jay Gould— “The Panda’s Thumb”:
… The message is paradoxical but profound. Orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very different functions. If God had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes. Orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are jury-rigged from a limited set of available components. Thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers. Thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: Our textbooks like to illustrate evolution with examples of optimal design—nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. However, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator. Odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof of evolution—paths that a sensible God would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce.
A:
P = a premise marker
B:
C = a conclusion marker
C:
A = an assuring term
D:
G = a guarding term
E:
D = a discounting term
F:
E+ = a positive evaluative term
G:
E- = a negative evaluative term
H:
N = none of the above
答案:
P = a premise marker
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